The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts", music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art, and auditory art. (wikipedia)

Each individual piece of music, within a film's score, is called a cue and is typically a composition for instruments (eg. orchestra) and/or non-individually featured voices. Since the 1950s, a growing number of scores are electronic or a hybrid of orchestral and electronic instruments.^[2] Since the invention of digital technology and audio sampling, many low budget films have been able to rely on digital samples to imitate the sound of real live instruments. (wikipedia)

Uses of Foley

The purpose of foley is to complement or replace sound recorded on set at the time of the filming OR ANIMATION, (known as field recording). The soundscape of most films utilizes a combination of both. The need for replacing or enhancing sounds in a film production arises from the fact that, very often, the original sounds captured during shooting are obstructed by noise or are not convincing enough to underscore the visual effect or action. For example, fist-fighting scenes in an action movie are usually staged by the stunt actors and therefore do not have the actual sounds of blows landing. Crashes and explosions are often added or enhanced at the post-production stage. The desired effect is to add the sounds that were intended to be excluded during recording back to the original soundtrack. By excluding these sounds during field recording and adding them back into the soundtrack during post-production, the editors have complete control over how each noise sounds, its quality, and the relative volume.  Foley effects add depth and realism to the audio quality for multimedia sources, and they simplify the synchronizing of sounds that would otherwise be tedious or downright impossible to manage.

Scenes where the dialogue is replaced using ADR will also have to feature foley sounds. The need for foley rose dramatically when films began to be distributed internationally and dubbed in foreign languages, as when dialogue is replaced, all sound effects recorded at the time of the dialogue are lost as well.

Four Main Components of Foley

Footsteps

The first consists of the reproduction of all the footsteps of characters seen in the picture. The feet like all other components of foley are performed by the artist while watching the picture on a TV or projector in the studio. Foley "pits" are usually found in the studio, containing different materials and substrates such as soil, gravel tarmac, wood and other surfaces for actors to walk on.

the "Moves"

This is simply a track recorded to represent the clothing worn by each character in the picture. This will be performed by the foley artist who controls the movement of a piece of material to mimic the sound of a suit as a character moves in a shot. Moves are not always used and tend to be recorded at the discretion of the dubbing mixer who ultimately controls the final outcome of the audio post-production process.

Spot Effects

Spot effects are all the other sounds that are recorded to replicate sounds or complement events on screen such as telephones being picked up and put down, chairs moving, crockery and cutlery being used as well as more adventurous sounds such as crushing bones, blood splatters, and bodies falling to the ground. Foley can also include other sounds such as doors closing and doorbell rings, however these tend to be done more efficiently using stock sound effects, arranged by "tracklayers".

Soundscapes

A soundscape is made up of one or several different sounds in order to create a natural, immersive environment. Soundscapes include natural sounds, such as animals or weather, sounds of human origin, including musical compositions and sound design, and other human interactions such as background conversations. "Soundscapes" also include audio recordings that create an atmosphere or the sensation of experiencing a certain environment.

Vocabulary

A list of vocabulary words:

• Cue Sheet: A list of the necessary sound effects, along with their cues. Cues are either time code signals or film footage signals (such as the slate) that indicate when the sound begins and ends.
• Dialogue: Conversation or verbalizations in a film
• Echo Chamber: A box or container used to create illusion of distance and reverberation
• Incidental: Casual, everyday sounds that aren't necessarily special.
• Mixing Console: A machine that is capable of taking in different sounds, then mixing them at different levels to create a single sound.
• Reverberation: A reechoed sound which fades until it becomes inaudible.
• Rough Cut: The first draft of a film.
• Score: The background music throughout a film.
• Splash Tank: A container filed with water for wet sound effect.
• Walla: Background crowd noises in a movie, TV or radio.